自立
马文柯林斯老师在一所公立学校任教十多年后,辞去教职,在自己家里开办了一所学校。她让自己的两个孩子从著名私立学校退学,和一群被认为有学习障碍、问题儿童,甚至被诊断为边缘智障的儿童一起,在这里上学。
一年后,这些孩子的平均成绩提高了至少 5 分,去掉了学习障碍、问题儿童、边缘智障的标签。20 年后,她接受电视台采访。此时,从她学校里毕业的、曾被认为是问题儿童的孩子,已经考上了哈佛、耶鲁、斯坦福。她后来被国家总统接见,被授予国家荣誉勋章。
她是怎么神奇地做到这一点的?下面是她的教学方法。经过大量的尝试,我发现她的这些方法,对于有学习障碍、问题儿童是最合适的。
大家问柯林斯老师,你都教孩子们什么了?她说:我首先教他们爱默生的《自立(Self-Reliance)》。
《自立》有这么大的力量?我们来看看爱默生写了什么:
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社会处处都存在着阴谋,要伤害它的成员的阳刚之气。社会就像一家股份公司,每个成员都签署协议,为了获得面包,而牺牲自己的自由和教养。顺从成为美德,自立却被痛恨。它爱实事求是和创造,只喜欢虚名和旧习。
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一个人应当学会发现和观察自己内心闪过的微光。它们要胜过诗人和圣贤的光彩。
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嫉妒等于无知,模仿无异于自杀。不管是好是坏,一个人必须自己决定自己的命运。
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相信你自己的思想,相信你内心深处认为对你适用的东西对一切人都适用。你就是天才。把你内心隐藏的信念说出来,它一定会被大家当做普遍的感受。
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我做的,必须是我关心的,而不是别人想要我做的。这一规则,在现实生活和精神生活中都严格适用,可以被用来区分伟大和渺小。这一规则很难,因为你总会发现有这样一些人,他们认为他们比你自己还清楚自己的职责。一个人很容易在大众面前按照大众的观点生活,而在自己独自一人的时候再按自己的想法生活。可是,伟人之所以伟大,就在于他在大众面前也完好地保持自己的独立。
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如果要做人,决不做一个顺民。
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遭人误解就那么糟糕吗?毕达哥拉斯被人误解过,苏格拉底、耶稣、路德、哥白尼、伽利略、牛顿,每一个纯洁和智慧的心灵,只要有过一个血肉之躯,就都被误解过。要伟大就要被误解。
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我希望我们已经是最后一次听到要顺从和保持一致。从此就让这两个词宣布作废,代表荒诞和可笑。让我们听到的不是开饭的锣声,而是一声斯巴达的横笛。让我们再也不要点头哈腰、赔礼道歉了。一位伟大的人物要来我家吃饭。我作为主人,不会曲意讨好他,反倒希望他让我高兴。
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一个人应该知道自己的价值,把万物踩在自己的脚下。
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人们变得胆小怕事、自惭形秽,不再刚强正直了。他不敢说“我认为”、“我就是”,而是一个劲地引用一些所谓圣贤的话。面对一片草叶和一朵盛开的玫瑰,他都感到羞愧。我窗前的玫瑰花从来不管以前开过的花朵,或比它们更好的玫瑰花。它们就是它们现在的样子。它们现在与上帝同在。它们是永恒的。它们就是玫瑰。只要存在一刻,它们就完美一刻。在一朵叶蕾绽开之前,它的整个生命就已经行动了。这一生命,即存在于它的花朵中,又存在于它无叶的根中,不多也不少。在所有的时刻,它的天性都得到了满足,而它也让大自然感到满意。而人总是拖延,或者追忆。他不活在当下。他总或者往后看,哀悼过去,或者对周围的精彩不理不睬,却踮起脚尖展望未来。除非他也与大自然一起,超越时间,活在当下,他就不会快乐,也不会坚强。
振聋发聩吧。这就是柯林斯老师给孩子们上的第一课的内容。她知道,要教育这些被打上“问题儿童”标签的儿童,必须让他们挣脱自我的枷锁,开始珍视和依靠自己的思想,按自己的想法生活。这就是《自立》。
参考文献
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Ralph Waldo Emerson, Essays, First Series,Self-Reliance,1841,网页链接
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拉尔夫·瓦尔多·爱默生,自立,中国人民大学出版社,2014,网页链接
附录:《自立》英文原文
- To believe our own thought, to believe that what is true for you in your private heart is true for all men, – that is genius. Speak your latent conviction, and it shall be the universal sense
- A man should learn to detect and watch that gleam of light which flashes across his mind from within, more than the lustre of the firmament of bards and sages.
- There is a time in every man’s education when he arrives at the conviction that envy is ignorance; that imitation is suicide; that he must take himself for better, for worse, as his portion.
- Society everywhere is in conspiracy against the manhood of every one of its members. Society is a joint-stock company, in which the members agree, for the better securing of his bread to each shareholder, to surrender the liberty and culture of the eater. The virtue in most request is conformity. Self-reliance is its aversion. It loves not realities and creators, but names and customs.
- Whoso would be a man, must be a nonconformist.
- What I must do is all that concerns me, not what the people think. This rule, equally arduous in actual and in intellectual life, may serve for the whole distinction between greatness and meanness. It is the harder because you will always find those who think they know what is your duty better than you know it. It is easy in the world to live after the world’s opinion; it is easy in solitude to live after our own; but the great man is he who in the midst of the crowd keeps with perfect sweetness the independence of solitude.
- Is it so bad, then, to be misunderstood? Pythagoras was misunderstood, and Socrates, and Jesus, and Luther, and Copernicus, and Galileo, and Newton, and every pure and wise spirit that ever took flesh. To be great is to be misunderstood.
- I hope in these days we have heard the last of conformity and consistency. Let the words be gazetted and ridiculous henceforward. Instead of the gong for dinner, let us hear a whistle from the Spartan fife. Let us never bow and apologize more. A great man is coming to eat at my house. I do not wish to please him; I wish that he should wish to please me.
- Let a man then know his worth, and keep things under his feet.
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